Positive Feedbacks among Forest Fragmentation, Drought, and Climate Change in the Amazon

نویسندگان

  • WILLIAM F. LAURANCE
  • BRUCE WILLIAMSON
چکیده

The Amazon basin is experiencing rapid forest loss and fragmentation. Fragmented forests are more prone than intact forests to periodic damage from El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) droughts, which cause elevated tree mortality, increased litterfall, shifts in plant phenology, and other ecological changes, especially near forest edges. Moreover, positive feedbacks among forest loss, fragmentation, fire, and regional climate change appear increasingly likely. Deforestation reduces plant evapotranspiration, which in turn constrains regional rainfall, increasing the vulnerability of forests to fire. Forest fragments are especially vulnerable because they have dry, fire-prone edges, are logged frequently, and often are adjoined by cattle pastures, which are burned regularly. The net result is that there may be a critical “deforestation threshold” above which Amazonian rainforests can no longer be sustained, particularly in relatively seasonal areas of the basin. Global warming could exacerbate this problem if it promotes drier climates or stronger ENSO droughts. Synergisms among many simultaneous environmental changes are posing unprecedented threats to Amazonian forests. Retroalimentaciones Positivas entre Fragmentación de Bosques, Sequía y Cambio Climático en el Amazonas Resumen: La cuenca del Amazonas esta sujeta a una rápida pérdida y fragmentación de bosques. Los bosques fragmentados son más propensos que los bosques intactos a daños periódicos por las sequías de El Niño, las que causan un incremento en la mortalidad de árboles, especialmente cerca de los bordes de bosque. Más aún, las retroalimentaciones positivas entre pérdida de bosque, fragmentación, fuego y cambio climático regional son muy probables. La deforestación reduce la evapotranspiración de plantas, que a su vez constriñe la precipitación pluvial regional, incrementando la vulnerabilidad de los bosques al fuego. Los fragmentos de bosque son especialmente vulnerables porque tienen bordes secos, propensos al fuego, son talados frecuentemente y a menudo son contiguos a pastizales que se queman regularmente. El resultado neto es que puede haber un “umbral de deforestación” crítico sobre el que las selvas de la Amazonía ya no pueden sostenerse, particularmente en áreas relativamente estacionales de la cuenca. El calentamiento global podría exacerbar este problema si promueve climas más secos o sequías de El Niño más fuertes. Los sinergismos entre muchos cambios ambientales simultáneos son amenazas sin precedentes para los bosques de la Amazonía.

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تاریخ انتشار 2001